Time and Travel in The Dispossessed and Kindred Term Paper

Time and Travel in The Dispossessed and Kindred - Term Paper Example Butler would agree with Asimov; when asked to label her novel, she has called it â€Å"a grim fantasy.† How time travel occurs in Kindred is never explained; the novel’s protagonist Dana simply feels dizzy from time to time and travels back in time, to pre-Civil War America. It is a mystery to her and to her husband, but they try to deal with the situation they have found themselves in, anyway. The only way she is able to return back to her own time is to feel threatened and in danger of dying. She even tries slitting her wrists in order to return to her own time. Each time she travels back in time, her stay on the plantation becomes longer—at first only a few minutes, and then several days and months. She disappears from the present as she travels, but at first for a few seconds and then for several hours. It seems as if Dana time travels to the past every time Rufus is in some kind of mortal danger. The first time she travels, he is drowning; the second time, s he saves him from dying in a fire. She discovers that the reason he â€Å"calls† her to the plantation is that he is her ancestor and it is her duty to save him so that she is preserved in the future. At the end of the book, however, she ends up killing him and experiences horrible consequences as a result—the mangling of her arm when she returns to the present. Perhaps the real reason she has to time travel is because it is Rufus’ destiny to die, and there is nothing she can do to prevent it. Although Butler was already established as a successful science fiction writer, one of the few African Americans in a white male-dominated field, the time travel in Kindred, is incidental. It is simply something she uses to illustrate her thesis about the horrors of slavery. When the novel is shelved in libraries or bookstores, even though Butler is well known as a writer of science fiction, it tends to be placed with African American literature because that creates the sa me feelings as the works of other female African American writers. Like all science fiction, though, Kindred is speculative: What would happen if a modern person got the opportunity to experience slavery first-hand? Time travel is used as a literary device to pursue her thesis, and to investigate how a sympathetic modern character would react in the setting of slavery. An example is Dana’s reaction to seeing a slave being whipped: I shut my eyes and tensed my muscles against an urge to vomit. I had seen people beaten on television and in the movies. I had seen the too-red blood substitute streaked across their backs and heard their well-rehearsed screams. But I hadn’t laid nearby and smelled their sweat or heard them pleading and praying, shamed before their families and themselves (Butler 36). Even though it definitely science fiction/fantasy, Kindred has the feel and structure of a slave narrative. Dana, and Butler’s audience along with her, travels to the pas t so that they can experience it and understand the impact of history, and more specifically, of slavery. Dana travels from freedom to enslavement, like her ancestors did when they were taken from Africa and enslaved in America, never to return. She goes through the same horror as her slave ancestors, and the time travel she experiences is just as confusing as the voyage they experienced. Dana attempts to explain this to her white husband, after reacting to him with fear after she returns: â€Å"

Integrating business perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Integrating business perspective - Essay Example Hence, the investor looks into certain factors with a keen eye before investing into something. First and foremost, it is important to know complete detail about the business that is about to start up, its complete assessment and the analysis of the risk involved in the business. Analysis of risk factor is very important thing to know when considering to invest in a small startup business since this risk is what actually defines how much money you will earn or how much money you will lose in the future. But in certain cases the loss is worthwhile since the profit gained after a certain time period is far from the losses. For this purpose it is important to look into the idea that the party is selling and whether it has potential to grow or not and whether it will go down the drain. Generally speaking those who want to invest in such type of business should have an open mind and should know that investing in such type of business always involves the factor of risk and the elimination of this factor is hardly ever possible. To be sure of the idea that the students are selling, w e should see the product sample being shown to us and various other factors which are all linked to ache other. Another important factor to look upon when investing in such small scale business is time. Time is one of the most important factors of such type of businesses because such startups may require more than average time to get a return i.e., there should be no expectations of getting any money out of this business for three to five years. In such a case, the investor can put in his money in the form of loan which can be returned to the investor within a specific time period but there will be no profit earned in such case. The team involved in the business should also be evaluated since they are the people who are going to run the business and these people will be responsible on giving you your money back in the form of profit or in case of losses. If the team is

What is Ailey’s typical dance-music relationship Essay Example for Free

What is Ailey’s typical dance-music relationship Essay Name two dance techniques (created by other choreographers) which are fundamental in Ailey’s choreographic style. What is the chief choreographic device used by Alvin Ailey in Revelations? Hermit songs was created by Alvin Ailey after Revelations. It was a solo for Ailey based on 8th-13th century poems by Irish monks. What year was it created? What dance was created in 1958 and was the debut programme of Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre. Jazz and African American dance forms were a huge influence on Alvin Ailey. Talley Beatty, Fred Astaire, Gene Kelly and the Nicholas Brothers were four different choreographers in this genre. Name two others. There are three main starting points for Revelations. African American traditional religious music, a desire to create opportunities for African American dancers to perform serious modern dance. What was the third? Name four props which are used in Revelations There are four main themes in Ailey’s Revelations. A) Oppression/freedom/survival/fortitude, B) Placing the African American experience as central in American culture, C) Celebrating African American music as historically significant. What is the fourth? Key movements include wing-like arm designs, prone positions and deep plies. Name two more. Which episode is being described here: ‘in unison, and in close wedge-shaped formation, the deep plie is repeated with variation of the gestures. The arms open sharply to second position and are held during the second plie. The lights darken as before and the group splinters, though not so far this time, seeming to be more entrapped within the pool of light. Small steps are taken in different directions, placing the palms of the hands randomly in levels as if invisible walls restricted them’. Which section is being described below? The group, in two columns, travel along the diagonal, performing a repeated pattern of slow walking steps. These match the musical pulse and are embellished with Dunham-style, swivelling hips. The group, in unison, undulates forwards and backwards so that the pattern can be repeated. Which section is being described here? The women repeat phrases from their opening material; for instance, while sitting again, they bow forwards and backward and the men again complement this. As the women, facing the front, shoot on arm upwards, the men, facing upstage, take up both their hands clasped. The groups go in opposite and complementing directions when they repeat the torso circles. Which section is being described here: The light brightens. The backcloth is suffused with a blood red colour. The three men wear only black trousers. This contrasts in colour to the trousers worn in the previous dance. A connection to sin is obvious but it also makes a visual link in the style of the other costumes. Which section is described here? The music adds atmosphere which enhances the narrative context, as well as providing a clear rhythm for the actions. The words provide the basis for the actions and walking with the predominant action in this number. Which section is described here? They continue in unison. For example: a step close action with train wheel, chugging arms; a plie in second with arms thrust forward to clap; a quick rotating of the hips with pumping arms; and the pointing gesture seen before. This is varied by the women facing the same way as the men or sometimes moving in the opposite direction which provides moments of complementary design. Out of this a canon emerges, beginning with the dancers stage right. Name the dances in Revelations in the correct order identifying which sections they are in.

Temperature Effect on Embryonic Development in Fish Eggs

Temperature Effect on Embryonic Development in Fish Eggs Abstract The captive breeding of Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) was successfully carried out at the Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, India. Induced breeding trials conducted on the fish revealed that the fish can be naturally spawned Low temperature using sGnRH analogue and dopamine antagonist (Ovaprim). Spawning was observed eighteen hrs after the injection at low temperature (16 Â ± 2oC). The fertilized eggs were adhesive and transparent with diameter ranging between 0.8mm to 1.10 mm. The incubation period was 120 hours and 84 hours at temperature 15-18o C (April) and 20-26oC (August) respectively The hatchlings were transparent and measured 3.45-4.75 mm, with a large oval head, a well defined yolk sac and short tail. The yolk got fully absorbed within 2-3 days and by this time mouth formation was complete and the larvae started exogenous feeding. Present study, may be useful in standardizing the ex-situ breeding protocols for Koi carp under lower temperature. Introduction Ornamental fish is often used as a generic term to describe aquatic animals kept in the aquarium hobby (Livengood et al 2009). Ornamental fishes form an important commercial component of aquaculture providing for aesthetic requirements and upkeep of the environment (Swain et al 2008). USA is the largest importer of ornamental fishes followed by Europe and Japan. The emerging markets are China and South Africa. Over US $ 500 million worth of ornamental fish are imported into the USA each year (Anonymous. 2006). Indias share in ornamental fish trade is estimated to be less than1 % of the global trade. The major part of the export trade is based on wild collection. The overall domestic trade in this field cross Rs 1000 lakh and is reportedly growing at the rate of 20 per cent annum (NABARD). Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most important cultured fish in the world. More than 2.7 million tonnes of common carp were produced in 2000 (FAO, 2002). Koi carp is ornamental variety of domesticated common carp (Cyprinus carpio) that are kept for decorative purpose in outdoor ponds or water gardens. They belong to the family Cyprinidae and the order Cypriniformes. It is one of the most popular and favorite ornamental fishes amongst all ornamental fish species and it has high market value for its excellent color. The color and scale pattern of the species is highly variable. It may look like big gold fish, distinguishing for its barbels at the sides of the mouth and for its size (Ghosh et al 2012). They are delicate and are very peaceful towards occupants and hence well suited to aquarium. There is various colour variations in koi carp like white, black, red, yellow, blue and cream. Like all cyprinides, koi carp is also a egg layer. They produce adhesive eggs. This speci es exhibits gonochorism, external fertilization with varied spawning frequencies (Balon 1990) and considered as batch spawner (Kalilota et al 1993). They grow up to 100 cm length with an elongate body measuring 3 to 4 times less in height than length. In their natural habitat, koi carp live up to 15-24 years (Kuroki, 1981). Considering the importance of koi carp, information on the early life history of a fish is very important for optimization of its large scale seed production, culture and management practices, therefore, this study was carried out to highlight some aspects of the early life history, the development biological clock of koi carp in relation to low temperature. Material and Methods The fishes were purchased from Lucknow Local market during 2012. In the same day, the fishes were transported to the Fish farm, Directorate of coldwater Fisheries research (DCFR), Bhimtal. At the farm after disinfection, all fishes were reared in a cemented pond. The fishes were fed with floating pellets containing crude protein 28%, crude fiber 11.1%, and carbohydrate 33% (Table 1). After proper acclimatization and maintenance, the healthy and mature breeders (90-550g) were selected according to sexual dimorphism and transferred to hatchery shed in FRP tank of size 200cm X 200cm X 30cm with flow through arrangement of water system. The females are usually easier to identify, as belly of a mature female is generally larger, whereas male’s remains streamlined and more torpedo shaped (Mihalache et al 2011). The sex ratio of the spawners was kept at 2:1 for male and female. The breeding programme was carried out using salmon Gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue and domperidone injection (ovaprim, Syndel laboratories INDIA Pvt.ltd). Brooders were administered hormone @ 0.6 ml per kg body weight to female and 0.3 ml per kg body weight to male intra peritoneal in the evening hours. The breeders set were released into FRP tank of 3000 L capacity having provision for flow through water system after the hormonal administration. Aquatic macrophyte (Hydrilla) was introduced into breeding tank for hiding purpose as well as holding adhesive eggs (Haniffa et al 2006). Translucent netting at the top also provided in order to observe to observe spawning behavior of fish. The egg hatching and larval rearing upto yolk sac absorption was taken up in the same tank that was used for spawning. The fertilization rate was counted by collecting random light microscope with digital camera (Nikon ECLIPSE E100). Samples of the eggs before fertilization and developmental time was rounded to nearest minutes until morula stage and then to hours. In present study, the developmental stages were divided into embryonic and larval development upto yolk sac absorption. The embryonic stage occur inside the egg shell and ends at the hatching. While, larval phase occur as egg hatches and ends when the larvae become capable of exogenous feeding. The water quality of hatchery was measured for temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen by HANNA HI 9828. Results There are few reports on breeding of koi carp in low temperature (Watson et al 2004; Ghosh et al 2012). present study spawning was noticed after 18 hours of hormone injection. The fertilized eggs of koi carp were foun to have adhesive, demersal and sticky to substratum (i.e. hydrilla). They were 0.8-1.10 mm in diameter, rounded and due to the adhesive nature of the egg, considerable debris adhered to the capsule of the egg. As the egg envelope is thick, transparent and sticky, observations on the developmental stages are difficult (Kovac, 2000). The eggs were deposited singly and were adhesive throughout the incubation period. The incubation period of eggs depends largely on water quality parameters such as salinity and temperature (Kuo et al 1973; Lio et al 1975). In the present study, the water temperature was 15-18oC during April and 20-26oC during August, under these conditions, eggs hatched out in 120 and 84 hours after fertilization respectively. Although a true metamorphosis is not generally described for fishes, the term hatchling, larvae and post larvae are used to indicate different stages of development from hatchling to fingerling stage (Boglinoe et al 1992). In present study, the embryonic development was divided into zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula and hatching period (Table 2, 3 Fig 1). The cleavage was meroblastic and the first division (2 celled stage) occurred 1 hours after fertillization, followed by second cleavage 1hour 35 minutes after fertilization. The 16 celled stage was reached 2 hours 20 minutes after fertilization. Subsequent cleavage increased cell number and reached morula stage. At this stage, a cap like structure was seen over the animal pole, which gradually increases in size the blastoderm further spread over the yolk and the formation of germinal ring around yolk was clearly visible within 15hours after fertillization. The yolk invasion completed after 32 hours and 13 minutes after fertiliza tion. The head and tail ends of the embryo became distinguishable during yolk plug stage. Yolk invasion was over and the blastopore was almost closed. The notochord was clearly seen at 46 hours and 16 minutes after fertilization. Further, embryo was elongated and encircled the whole yolk material within 48 hours after fertillization. At this stage, the anterior posterior axis was distinguishable in broader cephalic region with distinct forebrain and narrow end as tail region. At 76 hours after fertillization cephalic region became prominent, optic lens starts differentiating and mesodermal somites (16-18) were highly visible. A heart beat (80-91) per minutes were noticed at this stage. The caudal region started detaching from yolk and head further elongated in size showing all parts of brain, heart, lens and 22-25 somites after 101 hours after fertillization. The beating of heart intensified 130-140 beats per minutes and tail showed rhythmic movement on both side one by one. At 109 hours after fertillization lens fully formed and pectoral fin bud was clearly visible. In final stage of embryonic development, the growing embryo occupied the entire previtelline space. The lashing movements, which gradually become vigorous and egg capsules, were weakened and ruptured. The embryo ruptured the egg shell by the continuous movement and hatched out at 120 hours after fertillization at 16 Â ± 2o C. The hatchlings were transparent and measured 3.45-4.75 mm, with a large oval head, a well defined yolk sac and short tail. The yolk got fully absorbed within 2-3 days and by this time mouth formation was complete and the larvae started exogenous feeding Discussion Temperature is one of the most decisive environmental variables affecting embryonic development in fish eggs (Bermudes and Ritar, 1999; Kamler, 2002; Yang and Chen 2005).Within a viable range, incubation temperature strongly affects the rate of embryonic development of fish. Generally, lower temperature retards the rate of embryonic development and higher temperature accelerates it (Marangos et al., 1986; Pepin, 1991; Mihelakakis and Kitajima, 1994; Hart and Purser, 1995; Das et al 2006). The results of present showed that water temperature has a strong effect on development rate and hatching success of koi carp. In present study, the fertilized eggs of koi carp were found yellowish, adhesive and demersal. Haniffa et al (2007) and Ghosh et al (2012) found similar results in koi carp and common carp. Two celled, four celled, eight celled and sixteen celled stage were found 60, 95,120 and 150 minutes after fertilization respectively. Similar findings were reported by Ghosh et al 2012 i n koi carp. They found two celled, four celled, eight celled and sixteen celled stage with in 80, 110, 140 and 170 minutes after fertilization at 17 – 20o C respectively. However, Haniffa et al (2007) reported that same series occurred at 60, 90, 110 and 140 minutes after fertilization at 26 – 28oC. In common carp, it took 30, 80, 100 and 120 minutes after fertilization at 260C for same series (Balon 1995). The initiation of gastrula stage was noticed at fifteen hours after fertilization of egg at 16 Â ± 20C.Similar results was reported by Ghosh et al (2012) in koi carp. However, Haniffa et al. (2006) the same stage in koi carp at 7.30 to 11.40 minute after fertilization at 26-28 in summer season. Balon (1995) observed initiation of gastrulation of C. carpio occurring 6 hrs and 30 mins after fertilization of the eggs at 26-28 Â °C. This variation might be due to low water temperature and species difference. Changes in the pattern of the entire structure of an organ in relation to the environment are decisive for evaluating the developmental patterns of species (Balon, 1999; Mahmud et al 2012). The early development of fish is strongly affected by incubation temperature (Mahmud et al 2012). Generally, lower temperature retards the rate of embryonic development of fish and higher temperature accelerates it (Saka et al., 2001). In present study period the ambient temperature was low and fluctuating which may delay the embryonic and larval development of koi carp. A comparative study on the study of embryonic development of koi carp at different temperature is listed below (Table 3). In present study, embryo hatched out in 144 hrs after fertilization at 16 Â ± 2o C which was similar to the findings Watson et al (2004). They reported the time required to hatch the embryo of koi carp in 5-7 days at 20-24 o C. Similar results were obtained by Ghost et al (2012). However, the results of presen t study vary from Haniffa et al 2007, who found 72-73 hours are needed for hatching of Koi carp. This can be attributed to different physical condition of brood fish and lower temperature of water at the time of breeding. In conclusion, Koi carp can be easily matured and bred successfully under low water temperature captive conditions similar to carp. The descriptive investigation into the embryonic development and temperature tolerance should provide valuable information about the ability of the species to handle low temperature condition. As there are no commercial approaches of induced breeding and seed production of koi carp in the colder regions of the country but there is high demand of this ornamental fish for its colorful and attractive appearance. Hence, In spite of the long incubation period, the captive breeding, embryonic development protocol described herein should provide a base for future studies on koi carp and help in achieving conservation and commercial goals. References Livengood EJ, Chapman FA. 2009 The ornamental fish trade: An introduction with perspective for responsible aquarium cooperative extension service, institute of food and agricultural science, university of Florida, Gainesville. Swain SK, Singh SK, Routray P, Barik NK. 2008 Indigenous ornamental fishes: Status, Issues and strategies for propagation and conservation. e- planet 6(2): 2, 20- 22. Anonymous. 2006. Carp Breeding and Seed Production. Hand Book of Fisheries and Aquaculture. Pp 248-264. Indian Council of Agricultural Research. New Delhi. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) (2000) World status of ornamental fish, 3: 5-225. Ghosh A K, Biswas S, Sarder LSabbir W, Rahaman S M B 2012 Induced breeding, embryonic and larval development of Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Khulna, Bangladesh. Mesopot. J. Mar. Sci., 27 (1): 1 – 14 Balon, E.K. 1990. Epigenesis of an epigeneticist: the development of some alternative concepts on the early ontogeny and evolution of fishes. Guelph Ichthyology Reviews, 1:1-48. Kailola, P.J., Williams, M.J., Stewart, P.C., Reichelt, R.E., McNee, A. and Grieve, C. 1993. Australian fisheries resources. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, Australia, 422p. Kuroki, T. 1981. The latest manual to nishikigoi.Shin-Nippon Kyoiku-Tosho Co. Ltd. Japan, 272pp. Mihalache A, Oprea L, Grecu I, Cristea V, Badalan C, Enache I, Ion S 2011 Artificial Reproduction and Embryonic Development of the Japanese Ornamental Carp (Cyprinus carpio L i n n a e u s, 1758). Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology 12(4): 1835–1839 Haniffa MA, Benziger PSA, Arockiaraj AJ, Nagarajan M, Siby P. 2006. Breeding Behaviour and Embryonic Development of Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio), Journal of Bio-Science 14, 121-125. Watson, C.A., Hill, J.E. and Pouder, D.B. 2004. Species Profile: Koi and Goldfish; SRAC Publication No. 7201. Kovac, V. 2000. Early development of Zingel streber. J.Fish. Biol. 57: 1381-1403. Kuo, C.M., Shehadeh, Z.H. and Milison, K.K. 1973. A preliminary report on the development, growth and survival of laboratory reared larvae of the grey mullet, Mugil cephalus (L.). Journal of Fish Biology, 5: 459-470. Liao, I.C. 1975. Experiments on the induced breeding of the grey mullet in Taiwan from 1963-1973. Aquaculture, 6: 31-58. Boglinoe, C., B. Bertolini., M. Russiello, S. Cataudella. 1992. Embryonic and larval development of the thick-lipped mullet (Chelon labrosus) under controlled reproduction conditions. Aquaculture 101: 349-359. Bermudes, M., Ritar, A.J., 1999. Effects of temperature on the embryonic development of the striped trumpeter (Latris lineate Bloch and Schneider, 1801). Aquaculture 176, 245– 255. Kamler, E., 2002. Ontogeny of yolk-feeding fish: an ecological perspective. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 12, 79–103. Yang Z, Chen Y 2005 Effect of temperature on incubation period and hatching success of obscure puffer Takifugu obscurus (Abe) eggs. Aquaculture 246 : 173– 179 Marangos, C., Yagi, H., Ceccaldi, H.J., 1986. The role of temperature and salinity on hatching rate and morphogenesis during embryo development in Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pisces, Teleostei, Serranidae). Aquaculture 54, 287– 300. Pepin, P., 1991. Effect of temperature and size on development, mortality, and survival rates of the pelagic early life stages of marine fish. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, 503–518. Mihelakakis, A., Kitajima, C., 1994. Effects of salinity and temperature on incubation period, hatching rate and morphogenesis of the silver sea bream, Sparus sarba (Forssk3l, 1775). Aquaculture 126, 361– 371 Hart, P.R., Purser, G.J., 1995. Effects of salinity and temperature on eggs and yolk sac larvae of the greenback flounder (Rhombosolea tapirina Gunther, 1982). Aquaculture 136, 221– 230. Das T, Pal A K, Chakraborty S K, Manush S M, Dalvi R S, Sarma K, Mukherjee S G 2006 Thermal dependence of embryonic development and hatching rate in Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Aquaculture 255: 536–541 Haniffa M A, Allen Benziger P S, Jesu Arockiaraj A, Nagarajan M, Siby P 2007 Breeding Behaviour and Embryonic Development of Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio). Taiwania 52(1): 93-99 Balon, E.K. 1995. The common carp, Cyprinus carpio: its wild origin, domestication in aquaculture, and selection as colored nishikigoi, 47pp. Balon EK. 1999. Alternative ways how to become a definitive phenotype or a juvenile (and on some persisting linguistic offences). Environment and Biology of Fish 56, 17- 38 Mahmud Z, Ahmed F, Ghosh1 A K, Azad A K , Bir Y,Rahaman S M B 2012 Induced breeding, embryonic and larval development of comet gold fish (Carassius auratus) in Khulna, Banglades. International Journal of Biosciences 2: 28-38 Saka S, Forat K, Kamaco HO. 2001. The development of European sea bas (Dicentrarchus labrax L., 1758) eggs in relation to temperature. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science 25, 139-147. Helen I, Battle H I (1939) The embryology and larval development of the goldfish (Carassius auratus) from Lake Erie. Department of Zoology, University of Western Ontario.

Comparing the Dominant and Feminist Readings of Shakespeares King Lear

Comparing the Dominant and Feminist Readings of King Lear      Ã‚   Shakespeare's King Lear has been the source of much contention as to the way in which the text can be read. The play originally was written for the Jacobean audience of Shakespeare's time, but since then has taken on many other readings. These new readings are produced to comment on issues in the society in which it is explored. Readings encompass a wide range of ideas - from the Dominant reading, the manner in which Shakespeare's audience would have perceived the text, to feminist ideals. The various readings are influenced by the context in which they are discussed. In particular the dominant and feminist readings of King Lear both perceive the text in different contexts; the dominant following the traditional Jacobean interpretation as it was originally written, and the feminist reading pursuing a need for the lack of a patriarchal society in the twentieth century. King Lear can be read in a variety of ways, achieving a set perspective that suits the reader.    The Jacobean reading of King Lear focuses the blame for chaos and the subsequent tragedies on Lear's foolish decision to divide his kingdom between his three daughters. Though the play is set in pre-Christian times, Shakespeare's audience was greatly influenced by Elizabethan structure and hierarchy. According to the Great Chain of Being, God was the head of the universe, and the King was established as Gods connection to people. Lear's choice of abdication would have been viewed as blasphemy towards God. The audience would now perceive Lear's tragedy as inevitable due to his decisions. The play `King Lear' can be viewed as an expression of the Jacobean period concept of so... ... focuses on Lear's downfall and the pity we feel for Lear. The feminist reading of King Lear focuses on how the portrayal of women in the play is of a negative aspect and displays women as unfit for any role of leadership, else chaos ensues. The film A Thousand Miles shows how King Lear can be interpreted as a feminist reading in a contemporary setting, revealing the text King Lear in an entirely new light - women portrayed as the victims of men. King Lear can indeed be read in a variety of ways.    Works Cited Frey, C.   Experiencing Shakespeare.   Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1988. Granville-Barker, H.   Prefaces to Shakespeare.   London: B.T. Batsford INC, 1984. Halio, J.   The Tragedy of King Lear.   Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.   Thompson, A.   King Lear Criticism.   NJ: Humanities Press International, 1988.

Jane Eyre and Education in Nineteenth-century England Essay -- Jane Ey

Jane Eyre and Education in Nineteenth-century England Jane Eyre provides an accurate view of education in nineteenth-century England, as seen by an 1840s educator. The course of Jane's life in regard to her own education and her work in education are largely autobiographical, mirroring Charlotte Bronte's own life. Jane's time at Lowood corresponds to Charlotte's education at a school for daughters of the clergy, which she and her sisters Maria, Elizabeth and Emily left for in 1824. Jane went on to attend Miss Wooler's school at Roehead from 1831 to 1832, and returned to teach there for three years in 1935, just as Jane became a teacher at Lowood. Both Charlotte and Jane became governesses. The Lowood School is an accurate representation of a Charity School in the 1820s . The bad health conditions follow the conditions of the school the Brontes went to. The monitorial system of teaching it operates on coincides with the systems created by Joseph Lancaster and Andrew Bell. Lowood's system of a master teacher, under teachers, and monitors is consistent with Bell's complicated system. In addition, the brand of discipline implemented by Mr. Brocklehurst is much like that of Lancaster. Jane's horror at the harsh punishments at Lowood are meant to prompt similar reactions in the reader. Jane at first thinks she could not bear such punishment and is mortified when she must stand on a stool and is accused of being a liar. The disciplining of Jane was completely unfounded, the result of an accident. Most of the punishments at Lowood seem to be for minor and unavoidable infractions such as having dirty nails when the wash water was frozen. Jane sees these punishments as generally just being mean, and thinks that such mean people do ... ...ould receive work appropriate for his own age and ability. The passages which do show Jane at the school usually include praises of how well her students are doing and how the children of England are so much better than the children of the rest of the Europe. This belief also suggests that their education system is the best, including the newest form of schooling, the class school. While at first Lowood was an awful experience, Jane ended up getting a very good education, and went on to offer even better education to other children. Jane Eyre illustrates the evils one could face in the charity schools of the early nineteenth century and the development of that education system into a much better, more efficient system. Works Cited: Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. London, Penguin Books Ltd.: 1996. (Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Michael Mason).

Control Process in Management

†¢ Home †¢ About Site †¢ Preserve Your Article †¢ Content Quality Guidelines †¢ Disclaimer †¢ TOS †¢ Contact Us †¢ Skip to content 4 main steps in control process in management 4 main steps in control process in management are: Control as a management function involves the following steps: 1. Establishing standards: Standards are criteria against which results are measured. They are norms to achieve the goals. Standards are usually measured in terms of output. They can also be measured in non-monetary terms like loyalty, customer attraction, goodwill etc.Some of the standards are as. a. Time standards: The goal will be set on the basis of time lapse in performing a task. b. Cost standards: These indicate the financial expenditures involved per unit, e. g. material cost per unit, cost per person, etc. c. Income standards: These relate to financial rewards received due to a particular activity like sales volume per month, year etc. d. Market shar e: This relates to the share of the company's product in the market. e. Productivity: Productivity can be measured on the basis of units produced per man hour etc. f. Profitability:These goals will be set with the consideration of cost per unit, market share, etc. 2. Measuring performance Measurement involves comparison between what is accomplished and what was intended to be accomplished. The measurement of actual performance must be in the units similar to those of predetermined criterion. The unit or the yardstick thus chosen be clear, well-defined and easily identified, and should be uniform and homogenous throughout the measurement process. The performance can be measured by the following steps: (a) Strategic control points: It is not possible to check everything that is being done. Feature article about  Production ManagementSo it is necessary to pick strategic control points for measurement. Some of these points are: (i) Income: It is a significant control point and must be as much per unit of time as was expected. If the income is significantly off form the expectation then the reasons should be investigated and a corrective action taken. (ii) Expenses: Total and operational cost per unit must be computed and must be adhered to. Key expense data must be reviewed periodically. (iii) Inventory: Some minimum inventory of both the finished product as well as raw materials must be kept in stock as a buffer.Any change in inventory level would determine whether the production is to be increased or decreased. (iv) Quality of the product: Standards of established quality must be maintained especially in food processing, drug manufacturing, automobiles, etc. The process should be continuously observed for any deviations. (v) Absenteeism: Excessive absenteeism of pers onnel is a serious reflection on the environment and working conditions. Absenteeism in excess of chance expectations must be seriously investigated. (b) Meclzanised measuring devices:This involves a wide variant of technical instruments used for measurement of machine operations, product â€Å"quality for size and ingredients and production processes. These instruments may be mechanical, electronic or chemical in nature. (c) Ratio analysis: Ratio analysis is one of the most important management tools. It describes the relationship of one business variable to another. The following are some of the important ratios: i) Net sales to working capital: The working capital must be utilised adequately. If the inventory turnover is rapid then the same working capital can be used again and again.Hence for perishable goods, this ratio is high. Any change in ratio will signal a deviation from the norm. ii) Net sales to inventory: The greater the turnover of inventory, generally, the higher th e profit on investment. iii) Current ratio: This is the ratio of current asset (cash, receivables etc. ) to current liabilities, and is used to determine a firm's ability to pay the short term debts. iv) Net profits to net sale: This ratio measures the short-run profitability of a business. v) Net profits to tangible net worth: Net worth is the difference between tangible assets (not good will, etc) and total liabilities.This ratio of net worth is used to measure profitability over a long period. vi) Net profits to net working capital: The net-working capital is the operating capital at hand. This would determine the ability of the business to finance day-to-day operations. vii) Collection period on credit sales: The collection period should be as short as possible. Any deviation from established collection period should be promptly investigated. viii) Inventory to net working capital: This ratio is to determine the extent of working capital tied up in inventory.Generally, this rati o should be less than 80 per cent, ix) Total debt to tangible net worth: This ratio would determine the financial soundness of the business. This ratio should remain as low as possible. (d) Comparative statistical analysis: The operations of one company can be usefully compared with similar operations of another company or with industry averages. It is a very useful performance measuring device. (e) Personal observation: Personal observation both formal and informal can be used in certain situation as a measuring device for performances, specially, the performance of the personnel.The informal observation is generally a day-to-day routine type. A manager may walk through a store to have a general idea about how people are working. 3. Comparing the actual performance with expected performance This is the active principle of the process. The previous two, setting the goals and the measurement format are the preparatory parts of the process. It is the responsibility of the management t o compare the actual performance against the standards established. This comparison is less complicate if the measurement units for the standards et and the performance measured are the same and quantified. The comparison becomes more difficult when these require subjective evaluations Ralph C. Davis identifies four phases in the comparison. 1. Receiving the raw data. 2. Accumulation, classification and recording of this information. 3. Periodic evaluation of completed action to date. 4. Reporting the status of accomplishment to higher line authority. At the third phase, deviations if any are noted between standards and performance. If clear cut deviations are there, then management must study the:- (i) Causes for deviation ii) Effect of deviation (iii) Size of deviation (iv) Positive or negative deviation. 4. Correcting Deviations: The final element in the process is the taking corrective action. Measuring and comparing performance, detecting shortcomings, failures or deviations, f rom plans will be of no avail if it does point to the needed corrective action. Thus controlling to be effective, should involve not only the detection of lapses but also probe into the failure spots, fixation of responsibility for the failures at the right quarters, recommendation of the best possible teps to correct them. These corrective actions must be applied when the work is in progress. The primary objective should be avoidance of such failures in future. The required corrective action can be determined from the qualified data as per the standards laid out and the performance evaluation already done. This step should be taken promptly, otherwise losses may be cumulative and remedial action will be all the more difficult to take. Corrective action must be well balanced, avoiding over controlling and at the same time letting not things to drift.You May Also Like: †¢ 3 Elements of an Organisation suggested by Allen †¢ 14 principles of management suggested by Fayol Adve rtisement Free Subscription Top of Form [pic][pic] Do you want some more information on this topic? Enter your email id: [pic][pic] Bottom of Form Do you like this site? If you enjoy reading PreserveArticles. com, please share this site with your friends.? Guidelines †¢ About Site †¢ Content Quality Guidelines †¢ Terms of Service †¢ Privacy Policy †¢ Disclaimer †¢ Copyright †¢ Recent Articles spellingerrors Report Spelling and Grammatical Errors Suggestions †¢ Suggest Us Testimonials †¢ Users Testimonials Preserve Articles is home of thousands of articles published and preserved by users like you. 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